My last visit to Sardes goes back several
years and it seems that Turkey
is finally promoting this unique site. Tourism is definitely on the rise, but
whether that is a good thing or not, depends on how we want to look at things.
The tourists bring in the badly needed cash but too many people treading the
ancient floors is not necessarily a blessing.
Sardes is being praised as the capital of Lydia
ruled by wealthy King Croesus from
560 until 547 BC when the envious Persians conquered the city. We will remember
that the first gold coins ever were issued by Croesus. Yet I have not seen any traces of the Lydians in Sardes
itself – maybe one day something will surface, who knows? What we see today is
mainly Roman but the place has been occupied from about the 7th century BC till
the 7th century AD, and has seen Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and
Ottomans occupying its houses and streets. One of the highlights definitely is the
Temple of Artemis , the fourth largest Ionic temple
in the world that was converted into one of the seven holy churches of
Christianity. There is evidently a lot to see and to explore.
Wherever I go, I always automatically look for Alexander the Great simply because he
has been in so many places, and that includes Sardes. I already
followed Alexander to Sardes
in a previous article “Heading
for Dascylium and Sardes”, but since the city is in the news once again it
may be worth to elaborate a little more about its important role.
Closer to Alexander,
there is the role his sister, Cleopatra played.
She was Queen of Epirus after her husband Alexandros
had died and she was an excellent match for anyone aiming for more power after
her brother’s death. She first was ready to marry Leonnatus, but he died while fighting on Antipater’s side during the siege of Lamia . On Olympias’ instigation, Cleopatra
moved to Sardes to marry Perdiccas,
who was preparing his wedding to Nicaea , Antipater’s daughter. We know that Antipater was Olympias’ constant enemy and she would have loved to see her
daughter married to Perdiccas. This
general had led the Babylon Conferences
(see: What if …?) and was on his
way to Macedonia escorting Alexander’s
corpse, accompanied by the two kings (the simple minded Arrhideus/Philip and the infant Alexander
IV) at the head of the veteran’s army that had campaigned on Alexander’s side. As a matter of course,
Perdiccaswas tempted by Cleopatra for through this marriage he
would rule the empire, but on the other hand he could not ignore Antipater; so, he went ahead to marry Nicaea .
Shortly thereafter, however, he sent Eumenes,
once Philip’s and Alexander’s secretary and presently Olympias’ messenger, to Sardes
loaded with gifts for Cleopatra and a
marriage proposal. At this stage, Perdiccas
even instated his bride-to-be as satrap of Lydia .
Perdiccas was moving at a slow pace,
escorting Alexander’s body to Macedonia and
the entire train and army. Events took a
sharp turn when Ptolemy“hijacked” Alexander’s corpse and took it to Memphis ,
leaving Perdiccasno choice but to set in the pursuit to recuperate the body. Ptolemy was ready to meet Perdiccas,
whose attack ended in disaster as part of this army drowned in the Nile . He failed his duty to his troops and a group of his
senior officers decided to simply murder Perdiccas.
Now the road was open for Ptolemy, who approached Cleopatra
soon after, asking for her hand in marriage. She agreed, and they soon saw
themselves as king and queen on the throne of Macedonia . But this time it was Antigonus-the-One-Eyed, who by now ruled
over most of Asia Minor who thwarted the plan
by preventing her from leaving Sardes and eventually had her killed
so she would not fall in the hands of any of the successors who would use her
to rise to higher power.
Poor Cleopatra,
she was widowed while in her early thirties and ended up being a pawn in the
Successors’ fight for legitimation. She cannot have been much older than
forty-five when she died. Love and/or happiness were no issue in those days,
and in a way I am glad Alexander did
not live to witness this.
The last time Sardes was in the news in
connection, although remotely, with Alexander,
happened during the final confrontation between Lysimachus andSeleucos,
the last two of the Successors. This was in 281 BC during the battle of Corupedium,
the “Plain of Plenty”, just west of Sardes. It was here that Lysimachus was killed. Seleucos became the last of the
Successors still alive.
Well, much of this part of history will most
certainly be ignored by the guides taking the tourists around Sardes.
KingCroesus and King AlexanderIII are certain to steal the
show, but even …